Bibliographic record
Abstract
The wind turbine optima of propeller actuator disc theories are problematic. The large optimal windmill interference doubles the wake area from the vortex cylinder used to justify the propeller blade element momentum (BEM) theory. The general momentum (GM) theory incorporates expansion, but its optimum windrotor power blows up below a tip speed ratio of about unity where the BEM and experimental optima are low. Even without expansion, the GM and vortex theory optimum can still affect infinitely more gross power flux than in undisturbed wind. The inner massive swirl of their optimal wake is unstable or unrealizable by many indicators. Rather than a cylindrical wake, the BEM is better founded on negligible suction from low swirl in a predominately axial wake expanded after instability and bursting of the hub vorticity outwards to cancel the axial component of the tip vorticity. If moderate swirl at outer high speed ratios can expand first with pressure regain, the optimum local power refines up to 5 per cent higher. Then only as this expanded outer axial vorticity is finally cancelled to relieve the suction from the swirl does the inner BEM flow slow and expand. The inner and outer axial velocities are equal with no radial velocity at local speed ratio 0.57 in the optimal rotor. Direct experimental verification of this dissipated expanded swirl head (DESH) refinement of the BEM is proposed further to support from measurements and computations in the literature. The design blade chord and pitch that make the DESH optimum robust to small changes in windspeed are little changed from the time-proven BEM design, whereas the GM robust chord has a singularity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".