Kinetic and Spectroscopic Properties of Carbene−Diazirine Ylides
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation of a metastable carbene−diazirine ylide (CDY), characterized by an UV absorption spectrum in the range of 270−290 nm and yielding azine by rearrangement, is shown to be a general process in the photolysis of diazirines. However, the yield of formation and the lifetime of CDY greatly depend on the system considered. The decreasing value of the rate constant of the reaction, carbene + diazirine → CDY, from ∼10 9 M -1 s -1 for singlet dialkylcarbenes, Ad: (adamantylidene) and BCN: (bicyclo[3.3.1]non-9-ylidene), to ∼10 8 M -1 s -1 for benzylchlorocarbene and to ∼10 6 M -1 s -1 for cyclopropyl and phenylchlorocarbenes, reflects the decreasing reactivity of these carbenes. The lifetime of these ylides is determined by the value of the activation energy barrier for their rearrangement to azine, E a ≈ 15.5 kcal/mol for dialkylcarbenes, ≈11.5 kcal/mol for alkylchlorocarbenes, and <10 kcal/mol for phenylchlorocarbene. This decrease of E a is related to the strong stabilization of the azine when proceeding from CR 2 N−N CR 2 to Ph−CCl N−N CCl−Ph. Another mechanism for the formation of azine, by a second-order reaction of the diazo isomer of the diazirine, is clearly identified in the case of photolysis of the BCN(N 2 ) diazirine.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it