Hot spring and geyser sinters: the integrated product of precipitation, replacement, and deposition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Complex ornate sinter deposits are found in many hot spring and geysers systems throughout the world, including those located in the Taupo Volcanic Zone on the North Island of New Zealand. Those sinters are formed of opal-A that replaced microbes, opal-A precipitated as cement, accessory minerals (e.g., kaolinite, jarosite, calcite), biological detritus (e.g., leaves, wood, pollen grains), and lithic detritus. The opal-A is compositionally variable because of the amount of water (OH and H2O) and, in some cases, accessory elements (e.g., Au, Ag) bound into its structure. The composition and fabric of the siliceous sinter found at any locality reflect the relative balance among the processes of replacement, precipitation, and deposition. The microbes that inhabit these systems are of critical importance because they are commonly replaced by and (or) encrusted with opal-A. In many settings, copious amounts of opal-A are precipitated as cement around the frameworks of silicified filaments. The cementation process, which continues for as long as waters supersaturated with respect to opal-A flow through the sinter, commonly reduces the porosity of the sinters by as much as 50%. This process is probably of far greater significance than has been previously recognized. The textural and compositional complexity of siliceous sinters found in hot spring and geyser systems reflects the myriad of interrelated processes that control their formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".