Sea Level Variations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean and the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Satellite observations of sea level and surface wind from the tropical Pacific Ocean, and their relationship to the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), are analyzed using a combination of statistical techniques and a simple, physically based model. Wavenumber–frequency analysis reveals that sea level variations at the equator contain prominent eastward-propagating signals as the intraseasonal Kelvin waves. The component of sea level variation that is coherent with the MJO (ηMJO) is concentrated in a narrow strip along the equator between 150°E and 110°W. To explain the physical forcing of ηMJO, the component of zonal wind stress that is coherent with the MJO is also calculated. It is shown that is strongest in the western Pacific, but the MJO accounts for a higher percentage of the wind variance in the central equatorial Pacific. A simple linear model of the Kelvin waves, based on a first-order wave equation forced by and with a linear damping term included, successfully reproduces ηMJO. It is also shown that zonal wind variations to the east of the date line act to increase the apparent propagation speeds of the Kelvin waves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".