Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy Study of the Colloidal Interactions Occurring between Casein Micelles and Emulsion Droplets: Comparison to Hard-Sphere Behavior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the underlying processes that govern interparticle interactions in colloidal systems is fundamental to predicting changes in their bulk properties. In this paper we discuss the colloidal behavior of casein micelles and protein-stabilized fat globules individually and in a mixture. The colloidal interactions were observed by transmission diffusing wave spectroscopy. The turbidity parameter, l*, and the diffusion coefficients of the samples studied were measured experimentally and compared to the theoretically calculated parameters for a hard-sphere system. The light scattering properties of casein micelles (volume fraction phi = 0.1-0.2) dispersed in milk permeate showed no deviation from the theoretically predicted model. Whey protein isolate (WPI)-stabilized emulsions (phi = 0.025-0.1) prepared either in milk permeate or in 5 mM imidazole buffer at pH 6.8 showed a behavior identical to that of the hard-sphere model. Similarly to the WPI-stabilized fat globules, the sodium caseinate (NaCas)-stabilized emulsions (phi = 0.025-0.1) prepared in milk permeate also showed resemblance to the theory. In contrast, NaCas-stabilized emulsions prepared in 5 mM imidazole buffer exhibited some discrepancy from the theoretically calculated parameters. The deviation from theory is attributed to the enhanced steric stabilization properties of these droplets in a low ionic strength environment. When recombined milks made from concentrated milk and WPI- and NaCas-stabilized droplets prepared in permeate (phi = 0.125-0.2) were studied, the experimental data showed a significant deviation from the theoretical behavior of a hard-sphere model due to mixing of two different species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".