Leptin Regulates Appetite-Related Neuropeptides in the Hypothalamus of Developing Rats without Affecting Food Intake
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leptin regulates food intake in adult mammals by stimulating hypothalamic anorexigenic pathways and inhibiting orexigenic ones. In developing rodents, fat stores are low, yet circulating leptin levels are high and do not appear to regulate food intake. We determined whether two appetite-related neuropeptides [neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)] and food intake behavior are sensitive to leptin [3 mg/kg body weight (BW), ip] in neonates. We measured the effects of 1) acute leptin administration (3 mg/kg BW, ip, 3 h before testing) on food intake on postnatal day (PND) 5, 8, and 10; and 2) chronic leptin treatment (3 mg/kg BW, ip, daily PND3-PND10) on BW gain and fat pads weight on PND10. In addition to hypothalamic POMC and NPY expression, we determined the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3, all subtypes of leptin receptors, and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 mRNA in PND10 pups receiving either an acute (PND10) or a chronic (PND 3-10) leptin (3 mg/kg BW, ip) or vehicle treatment. Brains were removed 30 or 120 min after the last injection. Acute leptin administration did not affect food intake at any age tested. Chronic leptin treatment did not change BW but decreased fat pad weight significantly. In the arcuate nucleus (ARC), acute leptin increased SOCS-3 and POMC mRNA levels, but decreased NPY mRNA levels in the rostral part of ARC. Chronic leptin down-regulated all subtypes of leptin receptors mRNA and decreased NPY mRNA levels in the caudal ARC but had no further effect on POMC expression. Chronic leptin increased corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 mRNA levels in the ventromedial hypothalamus. We conclude that despite adult-like effects of leptin on POMC, NPY, and CRFR-2 expression in neonates, leptin does not regulate food intake during early development.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it