Practice-based pharmaceutical services: a systematic review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background General practice-based pharmaceutical services are increasingly common, ranging from global medication changes (eg, generic switch) to individual patient medication review and educational interventions. Aim To conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of practice-based pharmaceutical interventions. Design A systematic review of general practice-based pharmaceutical services. Setting General practice in the UK, Australia, Canada, Scandinavia and the US. Outcome measures The effect and cost of practice-based pharmaceutical services. Methods Electronic databases were searched and pharmaceutical organisations were contacted. Studies fulfilling the review criteria were considered for inclusion. Duplicate independent data screening and abstraction was undertaken. Three indicators were used to assess the quality of included studies: method of random allocation; allocation concealment; and proportion of subjects followed to the end of the study. Results A total of 2,707 references were identified: 256 full publications were retrieved and 16 randomised, controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. Included studies assessed either the professional interface (educational outreach and general prescribing advice) or the patient interface (medication review and patient-specific prescribing advice). Three trials included all three quality markers. Most studies were effective in achieving one or more of the desired outcomes from pharmaceutical intervention. Two trials showed no statistically significant differences between the study and control groups post intervention. Conclusions Many evaluations of practice-based pharmaceutical s***érvices have been published but few meet recognised standards of trial methodology. The results of this review suggest that practice-based pharmaceutical services are effective in achieving desired changes; however, more robust evidence is needed to confirm whether they are effective, efficient and sustainable.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it