Construction and validation of an insecticide resistance-associated DNA microarray
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A microarray containing PCR products from a large number of candidate genes in insecticide resistance was constructed. A total of 646 genes putatively involved in insecticide resistance and positive control genes were obtained from six insect species, Apis cerana, Blattella germanica, Spodoptera exigua, Musca domestica, Nilaparrata lugens and Culex pipiens. These genes represent cytochrome P450, ion channel, protective enzyme and other genes, which may play important roles in insecticide resistance. The optical microarray printing concentration (250 ng/μl) was determined using gradient concentration hybridization assay. The DNA microarray was then constructed with all target genes. A PCR probe composed of 18 target genes was prepared to validate the hybridization specificity of the microarray. The positive rate of this validation test was 83.3%. In addition, analysis of differential gene expression between susceptible and multi-resistant (cypermethrin and malathion) strains of M. domestica showed that 17 genes were over-expressed in the resistant strain. The results imply that cytochrome P450 genes, especially the genes of CYP4 and 6 families, play important roles in the resistance of M. domestica to both insecticides. The 17 genes validated by using qRT-PCR were found to have a similar tendency, mostly compared with using a microarray, indicating that this microarray is suitable for studying insecticide resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".