The One Hour Ice Speed Skating Record - a Matter of Kit and Location
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One hour ice speed skating records have been challenged since 1882. PURPOSE: We analysed four record attempts of the first athlete who achieved a distance > 40 km in an one hour unaccompanied ice speed skating race and the performance of subsequent improvements with respect to the change from Norwegian Skate to Klapskate and altitude of the venue. METHODS: The athlete (30 yrs, 1.77 m, 74 kg) performed two maximal and one submaximal multistage cycle ergometer tests in a deep crouched position to detect maximal aerobic performance and sustainable 1 hour intensity, and two incremental and 17 constant submaximal speed skating tests on a speed skating oval to analyse energy cost and efficiency of skating. RESULTS: Performances corresponding to 79 to 84 % of maximal oxygen uptake of 68 ml kg−1 min−1 were found sustainable for 1 hour. The first two records using the Klapskate, the still existing outdoor world best of 39 667.26 m (Inzell, 700 m altitude) and a subsequent indoor record of 40 194.99 m (Calgary, 1100 m) corresponded to exercise intensities of 79 and 78 %. Two previous unsuccessful attempts of 38 010.40 m (Berlin, 35 m) and 38 624.85 m (Calgary) using the Norwegian Skate represented intensities of 83 and 78 %. Simulation of improved records (41 040.54 m and 41 669.49 m, both Calgary; and 41 969.10 m, Salt Lake City, 1800 m) achieved by other athletes based on the present athlete's input parameters represent 83, 86 and 84 % intensities. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the two initial new 1 hour world records achieved with the Klapskate reflect technical innovation and altitude effects. Subsequent improvements resulted from better athletic physique or an altitude advantage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".