The One Hour Ice Speed Skating Record - a Matter of Kit and Location
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One hour ice speed skating records have been challenged since 1882. PURPOSE: We analysed four record attempts of the first athlete who achieved a distance > 40 km in an one hour unaccompanied ice speed skating race and the performance of subsequent improvements with respect to the change from Norwegian Skate to Klapskate and altitude of the venue. METHODS: The athlete (30 yrs, 1.77 m, 74 kg) performed two maximal and one submaximal multistage cycle ergometer tests in a deep crouched position to detect maximal aerobic performance and sustainable 1 hour intensity, and two incremental and 17 constant submaximal speed skating tests on a speed skating oval to analyse energy cost and efficiency of skating. RESULTS: Performances corresponding to 79 to 84 % of maximal oxygen uptake of 68 ml kg−1 min−1 were found sustainable for 1 hour. The first two records using the Klapskate, the still existing outdoor world best of 39 667.26 m (Inzell, 700 m altitude) and a subsequent indoor record of 40 194.99 m (Calgary, 1100 m) corresponded to exercise intensities of 79 and 78 %. Two previous unsuccessful attempts of 38 010.40 m (Berlin, 35 m) and 38 624.85 m (Calgary) using the Norwegian Skate represented intensities of 83 and 78 %. Simulation of improved records (41 040.54 m and 41 669.49 m, both Calgary; and 41 969.10 m, Salt Lake City, 1800 m) achieved by other athletes based on the present athlete's input parameters represent 83, 86 and 84 % intensities. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the two initial new 1 hour world records achieved with the Klapskate reflect technical innovation and altitude effects. Subsequent improvements resulted from better athletic physique or an altitude advantage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".