Oestrogen plus progestin doubles the risk of dementia in post-menopausal women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shumaker S, Legault C, Rapp S et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the women’s health initiative memory study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2003 ; 289 : 2651 –2661 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: Does oestrogen plus progestin increase the risk of dementia or mild cognitive impairment among post-menopausal women? Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. 39 Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Centres, USA; May 1996 to December 1999. 4532 post-menopausal women aged at least 65 years and free of dementia at study entry. 0.625 mg of conjugated equine oestrogen plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (hormone therapy group), or placebo. Dementia or mild cognitive impairment according to DSM-IV criteria. Clinical assessment of dementia or mild cognitive impairment was assessed by an approved clinician using a structured protocol. Hormone therapy significantly increased the risk of dementia compared with placebo after a mean follow up of about … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.aulast%253DShumaker%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D289%26rft.issue%253D20%26rft.spage%253D2651%26rft.epage%253D2662%26rft.atitle%253DEstrogen%2BPlus%2BProgestin%2Band%2Bthe%2BIncidence%2Bof%2BDementia%2Band%2BMild%2BCognitive%2BImpairment%2Bin%2BPostmenopausal%2BWomen%253A%2BThe%2BWomen%2527s%2BHealth%2BInitiative%2BMemory%2BStudy%253A%2BA%2BRandomized%2BControlled%2BTrial%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.289.20.2651%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12771112%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.289.20.2651&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12771112&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F6%2F4%2F111.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000183075600024&link_type=ISI
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".