Genetic diversity and management of Nearctic rock ptarmigan (<i>Lagopus mutus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Though the rock ptarmigan, Lagopus mutus (Montin, 1776), is a relatively common breeding bird in arctic regions worldwide, several Nearctic insular populations have become extinct or threatened in the past 250 years. In this study, we use patterns of DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region and a nuclear intron (GAPDH) to reexamine the evolutionary history of Nearctic rock ptarmigan populations as a basis for conservation and management. The extent of genetic diversity within currently recognized subspecies varies widely, with many nonmigratory insular subspecies genetically invariant and continental subspecies moderately diverse. Our analyses suggest at least six evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) in the Nearctic and Iceland, four of which correspond to recognized subspecies: Lagopus mutus evermanni (Elliot, 1896) on Attu I., Alaska, Lagopus mutus welchi (Brewster, 1885) on Newfoundland, Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin, 1789) in the Canadian Arctic, and Lagopus mutus islandorum (Faber, 1822) on Iceland. A fifth ESU comprises three central Aleutian subspecies. The remaining subspecies of the Aleutian archipelago, along with Lagopus mutus nelsoni (Stejneger, 1884) of mainland Alaska and Lagopus mutus captus (Peters, 1934) of Ellesmere I., Nunavut, constitute a sixth ESU, which we further subdivide into three management units based on patterns of genetic substructuring and geographic barriers to immigration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".