Calcium oxalate crystals in tribe Galegeae (Leguminosae) including foliar crystal macropattern development in Caragana frutex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Galegeae was reported in 1987 to be unique among papilionoid tribes because calcium oxalate crystals were shown to be mostly lacking. We surveyed leaves of 45 species from 20 genera, mostly from herbarium specimens. A living species ( Caragana frutex (L.) K. Koch) with crystals was also studied developmentally, important because only three other species have been similarly studied. Herbarium specimens and various stages of C. frutex leaflets were bleached, dehydrated, cleared in alcohol–xylol, and made permanent. Freehand sections of C. frutex were mounted in glycerine. Crystals were detected microscopically and are generally lacking among Galegeae genera. This supports tentative contemporary opinion that the tribe is unnatural. Crystals provide new, potentially useful systematic data. Variously differing unicellular trichomes were also described in the survey. Caragana frutex leaflets have a previously undescribed macropattern development: crystals form only along veins, except for late-season prisms in scattered palisade parenchyma. Crystals form progressively base to apex, first following along successive major veins from midvein to margin and then in later-developing smaller veins, progressing acropetally. The midvein remains almost crystal-free until leaflets are at or near full size. Crystal macropattern development in C. frutex leaflets suggests that crystallization may be influenced by the whole organ, as well as by individual cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".