Neurofibrillary Tangles and Senile Plaques in Alzheimers Brains are Associated with Reduced Capillary Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is significant evidence to suggest that a dysfunctional blood-brain barrier [BBB] may contribute to the pathogenesis of some Alzheimer's disease [AD] lesions. An indicator for this could be diminished capillary vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and / or endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS] activity in AD brains. Cortical samples were taken from the superior temporal and calcarine cortices of ten confirmed AD and ten non-demented comparison brains. Contiguous coronal sections were stained using immunohistochemistry techniques to stain for tau protein, beta-amyloid [Abeta] n-termini ([40 & 42]), VEGF and eNOS. Standardized regions of cortex were randomly selected. Areas of ten contiguous field-diameters of comparable and full cortical widths were observed in each section and the densities of neurofibrillary tangles [NFTs], senile plaques [SPs] and Abeta, VEGF and eNOS positive capillaries were recorded. In both AD cortices there were significant inverse correlations found between both VEGF and eNOS-positive microvessels and the presence of NFTs, and each of the amyloid isoforms in SPs and amyloid-positive capillaries [p < 0.01]. In addition there was a significant positive correlation between VEGF and eNOS densities in both cortices [p< 0.01].These results suggest that diminished VEGF and eNOS activity in particularly lesion prone regions of AD brains may contribute to the pathogenesis of NFT and / or SP lesions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".