Effect of heat treatment to control<i>Fusarium graminearum</i>in wheat seed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is one of the most serious diseases of small grains in Canada. The predominant species that causes fusarium head blight in Manitoba is Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum). One mechanism of its spread is through Fusarium-infested seed. Dry heat has been proposed as an alternative to chemical seed dressings, and several heat treatments were examined to determine if they could control seed-borne Fusarium without causing detrimental agronomic effects. In 2001, 2002, and 2003, seed samples of spring wheat infested with F. graminearum or free from the pathogen were heat-treated at 90, 70, 50, or 30 °C or kept at room temperature (about 22–25 °C; control) for 5 d. Germination of seed and levels of F. graminearum surviving on or in seed were assessed after treatment. Field assessments included emergence, plant height (tip of spike) and grain yield, thousand-kernel weight, and test weight. Temperatures of 30 and 50 °C were ineffective in reducing F. graminearum levels. Treatment at 90 °C killed both fungus and seed. After treatment at 70 °C, recovery of F. graminearum was less than 1%. Emergence from seed infested with F. graminearum was significantly lower than emergence from seed free from the pathogen in each year. Other differences were not consistent from year to year. Heat treatment at 70 °C improved emergence in 2001 and 2002. In 2001, test weight of grain and, in 2002, yield and plant height were significantly lower from seed infested with F. graminearum than from seed free from the pathogen. Heat treatment at 70 °C for 5 d is recommended as a means of essentially eradicating F. graminearum from wheat seed prior to sowing. Such treated seed would prevent seed-borne movement of F. graminearum to areas that are currently considered free from the pathogen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".