Metal emissions from a Cu smelter, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec: characterization of particles sampled in air and snow
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Particles were sampled in air and snow near a Cu smelter in Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, as part of a study of airborne metal emissions. An analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to measure the size and elemental composition of >38 000 individual particles. Metal-bearing (Me-) particles account for c. 58% of all particles in the smelter plume, but only c. 15% in ambient air or snow. The dominant Me-particle type in snow is Fe–S–Cu but Zn–S, Fe–S, and Cu–S are also common. Pb is dominant in air-filtered particles, even those collected far (>60 km) from the smelter. Me-particles in snow are compositionally more variable and complex than in the smelter plume or ambient air, suggesting that Me-particles settling from the plume in snow are chemically transformed in the process, possibly by heterogeneous reaction(s) with other aerosols (e.g. salt particles) and/or gases (e.g. SO 2 ). The size distribution of Me-particles in the smelter plume is broader than in snow or ambient air, owing to a larger proportion of sub-micrometre particles in the plume and/or the loss of fine water-soluble Me-particles in snow meltwater. However, the size distribution of different Me-particle groupings (e.g. As-bearing compared to Cd-bearing particles) is not significantly different within the size range measured.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it