Evidence for lymphatic transport of insulin by topically applied biphasic vesicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cutaneous delivery pathway through the lymphatics of a novel transdermal lipid-based delivery system (biphasic vesicles), which was previously shown to deliver sustained physiological levels of basal insulin in a pain-free manner across the skin, was evaluated in a diabetic rat model. Transdermal patches (one per rat) containing insulin in biphasic vesicles (1-10 mg recombinant human insulin dose) were applied to the shaved abdominal skin of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 73 h. Blood glucose was monitored approximately every 2-10 h using a Lifescan glucose meter. Inguinal lymph node insulin levels were analysed by ELISA. Insulin in the lymph nodes increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Maximal transdermal insulin concentrations in the lymph nodes were observed with both 140 IU (5 mg: 43.0 +/- 18.0 microIU mg(-1) (mean +/- s.e.m., n = 4)) and 280 IU (10 mg: 48.0 +/- 19.6 microIU mg(-1) (mean +/- s.e.m., n = 4)) doses of recombinant insulin at t = 73 h. The level of insulin in the lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection of 1 mg insulin at the peak blood glucose response was 35.8 microIU mg(-1) (n = 2), before falling to 0.35 microIU mg(-1) by t = 48 h (n = 2). The lymphatics is involved in the transdermal insulin delivery by biphasic vesicles. This is the first report on the lymphatic transport of a protein after non-invasive topical application on the skin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".