Evidence for lymphatic transport of insulin by topically applied biphasic vesicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cutaneous delivery pathway through the lymphatics of a novel transdermal lipid-based delivery system (biphasic vesicles), which was previously shown to deliver sustained physiological levels of basal insulin in a pain-free manner across the skin, was evaluated in a diabetic rat model. Transdermal patches (one per rat) containing insulin in biphasic vesicles (1-10 mg recombinant human insulin dose) were applied to the shaved abdominal skin of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 73 h. Blood glucose was monitored approximately every 2-10 h using a Lifescan glucose meter. Inguinal lymph node insulin levels were analysed by ELISA. Insulin in the lymph nodes increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Maximal transdermal insulin concentrations in the lymph nodes were observed with both 140 IU (5 mg: 43.0 +/- 18.0 microIU mg(-1) (mean +/- s.e.m., n = 4)) and 280 IU (10 mg: 48.0 +/- 19.6 microIU mg(-1) (mean +/- s.e.m., n = 4)) doses of recombinant insulin at t = 73 h. The level of insulin in the lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection of 1 mg insulin at the peak blood glucose response was 35.8 microIU mg(-1) (n = 2), before falling to 0.35 microIU mg(-1) by t = 48 h (n = 2). The lymphatics is involved in the transdermal insulin delivery by biphasic vesicles. This is the first report on the lymphatic transport of a protein after non-invasive topical application on the skin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".