Gender Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Endothelin-1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated whether gender affects the pressor and constrictor effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in anesthetized rats. Baseline values for arterial blood pressure (mmHg) and hindquarter resistance (HQR, mmHg/ml/min/100 g), respectively, were similar in male (96.0 +/- 3.1 and 13.9 +/- 0.6) and female (103.1 +/- 5.6 and 12.8 +/- 2.3) rats. ET-1 (1 and 3 microg/kg) produced rapid and transient falls in arterial blood pressure and HQR, followed by long-lasting increases in blood pressure and HQR. The initial ET-1-induced hypotension and vasodilation were similar in both groups. However, the pressor and hindquarter vasoconstrictor effects were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in male than female rats. Thus, the increases in blood pressure and HQR to ET-1 (3 microg/kg) were attenuated in female (+15.3 +/- 3.4 mmHg and +3.7 +/- 1.6 mmHg/ml/min/100 g) compared to male (+24.9 +/- 2.3 mmHg and +8.0 +/- 1.6 mmHg/ml/ min/100 g) rats. These results indicate that there is a gender difference in the vasoconstrictor, but not the vasodilator effects of ET-1. We suggest that the lower ET-1-induced hypertension and hindlimb vasoconstrictions observed in female rats may be responsible for the lower risk of developing coronary heart disease in premenopausal women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".