Long‐runout rockslide on glacier at Tsar Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains: potential triggers, seismic and glaciological implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A rhomboidal shaped rockslide with a length of 2·2 km and an area of 1·35 km 2 covers 30% of a small Clemenceau Icefield Group cirque glacier. By means of remote sensing, airborne photography, climate and seismic data analysis, the extent, timing, possible trigger mechanisms, and rockslide effects on the glacier are discussed. An ML 2·0 seismic event on 14 September 2000 represents the rockslide and has a spindle‐shaped waveform and high energy in the low frequencies. Based on a strong signal duration of 56–108 seconds the rockslide had an average runout velocity of 22–45 m s −1 . Stress fatigue and a combination of rain and snow followed by rapid melt and night‐time freezing could have co‐triggered the slide. Additional seismic events with epicentres <40 km from the cirque were recorded 26 times since 1985 and range between ML 0·9–3·3, but none were caused by, or triggered, large mass movement. With a rock source volume of 1·6 × 10 6 m 3 and a deposited volume of 2–4 × 10 6 m 3 the sum of bulking and entrainment is between 25% and 150%. Five melt seasons post‐event, levees 20–30 m wide tower 30 m over the surrounding glacier. Rockslide characteristics, and its Fahrböschung of 15° [height/length ( H / L ) = 0·28], indicate that this rockslide is quite typical for long‐runout rockslides on glaciers. However, the basal friction coefficient was higher than found on other glaciers and could relate to the presence of medial moraines transverse to the flowline and to pre‐slide debris‐cover. The difference between the coefficient of friction in the main flowline (0·11–0·14) and that in a lobe confined between two medial moraines (0·065) suggests that confinement increases mobility by 70–115%. Apart from reduced ablation under the rock debris, effects of the rockslide on the glacier were minimal. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".