A Direct Comparison of OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) and IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin) in the Treatment of Benign Essential Blepharospasm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is characterized by progressive involuntary contractions of the protractor muscles, sometimes leading to a debilitating closure of the lids. It is currently treated with the injection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A). The purpose of this study was to compare 2 BoNT/A preparations (i.e., Xeomin and Botox) in the treatment of BEB. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded split-face technique in 48 patients already treated by Botox for BEB. Patients received the same medication to either side of the face for 4 injections, and were then evaluated using subjective and objective measures. Blepharospasm Disability Index (BSDI) and Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS) were assessed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t test. Patient preference and objective comparison of residual orbicularis strength and spasm were compared using a multinomial logistic regression model, a repeated-measures ANOVA, and a paired t test. RESULTS: A paired t test showed no preference between Xeomin and Botox (P = 0.7205) and demonstrated a tendency toward not having a preference for either medication (P = 0.0301 vs Botox and P = 0.0039 vs Xeomin). The regression model showed no effect of time on patient preference (P = 0.4217). The ANOVA for BSDI scores did not reveal any difference between the 2 medications as compared with baseline (P = 0.8161), nor did it demonstrate an effect of time on BSDI scores (P = 0.6108). A paired t test found no difference between the 2 scores (P = 0.1909) at baseline. There was no difference in JRS scores for either medication when compared with baseline (P = 0.2314), nor was there an effect of time on such scores (P = 0.4951). There was also no difference between the 2 medications according to paired t test (P = 0.3224) at baseline. Baseline residual orbicularis strength was similar between the 2 medications (paired t test; P = 0.3228). ANOVA shows an effect of time on orbicularis strength (P = 0.0055), but no difference was seen at any of the 5 visits (P > 0.05). Baseline spasm scores were similar between Botox and Xeomin (paired Student t test; P = 0.3228). The ANOVA shows no difference between both medications at any point in time (P = 0.4408), and that time had no effect on the efficacy of either treatment (P = 0.3268). CONCLUSION: No difference between Xeomin and Botox was detected in either subjective or objective measures for the treatment of BEB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".