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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Altered metabolism is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart failure.Study of the metabolism may provide insights into the pathology of heart failure and may provide new diagnostic tools.Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows us to quantify total creatine, which plays an essential role in the transport of energy from the mitochondria to the myofibrils.Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in rodents is an accepted model of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.As of yet, proton MRS has not been used to study the changes occurring in this model of heart failure.We aimed to study the metabolic changes occurring in an animal model of EAM, and compare these to the findings in healthy animals.Methods: Myocardial tissue of 10 male young Lewis rats with EAM (35 days after immunization with 0.25 mg porcine myocardial myosine) was analysed using 1H-MAS-MRS (Bruker 600 MHz).The metabolic profile was compared to fresh (n ¼ 7) and frozen (n ¼ 8) healthy controls and to the results from histology and immunohistochemistry (CD68).For fresh control samples the spectra were taken less than 10 min after death.Frozen control samples and myocarditis samples were shock-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored for 4-6 months at -808C before measurements.Myocardial tissue from a basalcavity slice of the the left ventricle (30-40 mg) excluding epicardial tissue was placed in a 4 mm zirconium rotor, packed homogeneously using a spacer and spun at 4 kHz at 293 K.A water suppression pulse sequence was applied to obtain the proton spectrum (ns ¼ 128, t ¼ 7 min).Spectra were phased and baseline correction using polynomial fit to the region of interest was applied before integration of the peaks.Results: The metabolic ratio of taurine to creatine obtained by spectral analysis proved to be a significant biomarker for diagnosis of myocarditis compared to healthy controls (taurine/creatine ratio in myocarditis: 4.47(+0.83),fresh control: 2.59(+0.09),frozen control: 2.59(+0.28);P , 0.001).Myocarditis was confirmed histologically with an inflammatory cellular infiltrate and CD68 positive staining.Conclusions: Myocardial taurine/creatine ratio as detected by proton MRS is able to differentiate between healthy myocardium and myocardium from rats with EAM.This variation may occur due to creatine depletion as described in heart failure and/or an increase in taurine due to its antioxidant activity in inflammatory reactions.1237
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".