Molecular systematics of some North American species of <i>Diplostomum</i> (Digenea) based on rDNA-sequence data and comparisons with European congeners
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The systematics of Diplostomum species, common intestinal parasites of piscivorous birds, has long been problematic, owing to phenotypic plasticity and the paucity of morphological features that are often subject to age- and host-induced variation. We sequenced the ITS15.8SITS2 regions of the rDNA from adult Diplostomum huronense, Diplostomum indistinctum, and Diplostomum baeri obtained from experimentally infected ring-bill gulls (Larus delawarensis) and compared them with partial ITS1 sequences from several species of Diplostomum in GenBank. The three North American species were distinguishable on the basis of ITS sequences. Sequences from D. huronense differed from those of D. indistinctum at 12 sites in ITS1 and 4 sites in ITS2, supporting morphological and morphometric data that indicate the two are distinct species. Sequences of D. huronense and D. indistinctum differed from those of D. baeri at 27 and 24 sites, respectively, in ITS1 and 15 and 12 sites, respectively, in ITS2. Phylogenetic analysis of partial ITS1 sequences revealed that the North American and European species of Diplostomum formed separate groups, with the former being basal to the latter. The results indicated that D. huronense and D. indistinctum from North America are distinct from Diplostomum spathaceum and other similar species from Europe. Furthermore, sequences from specimens identified as D. baeri from North America differed from those of D. baeri from Europe by 3.8% in ITS1 (23 sites). While morphologically similar, the two are not conspecific. Sequences of the North American species have been deposited in GenBank (AY 123042123044).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it