<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>male–female interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schistosome parasites are muticellular eucaryotic organisms with a complex life cycle that involves mammalian and snail hosts. Unlike other trematode parasites, schistosomes (along with the Didymozoidae) have evolved separate sexes or dioecy. Sex is determined by a chromosomal mechanism. The dioecious state created an opportunity for the sexes to play a role in schistosome evolution that has resulted in an interesting interplay between the sexes. The classical observation, made more than 50 years ago, is that female schistosomes do not develop unless a male worm is present. Studies up through the 1990s focused on dissecting the role of the sexes in mate attraction, mate choice, mating behavior, female growth, female reproductive development, egg production, and other sex-evolved functions. In the mid-1980s, studies began to address the molecular events of male–female interactions. The classic morphological observation that female schistosomes do not complete reproductive development unless a male worm is present has been redefined in molecular terms. The male by an unknown mechanism transduces a signal that regulates female gene expression in a stage-, tissue-, and temporal-specific manner. A number of female-specific genes have been identified, along with signaling pathways and nuclear receptors, that play a role in female reproductive development. In addition, a number of host factors such as cytokines have also been demonstrated to affect adult male and female development and egg production. This review focuses on the biological interactions of the male and female schistosome and the role of parasite and host factors in these interactions as they contribute to the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".