<i>Echinacea</i>and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses: Results of a gene and protein array analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Preparations of Echinacea (Asteraceae) are frequently consumed for the control and prevention of rhinovirus-induced colds and other respiratory disorders. Since it is now generally believed that the symptoms of rhinovirus colds are due to the enhanced secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, we decided to analyze the effects of rhinovirus infection and Echinacea treatment [defined extracts of E. purpurea (L.) Moench] on cytokine/chemokine gene expression and protein secretion in a line of human tracheo- bronchial epithelial cells. Among the collection of more than 50 cytokines and chemokines present in the gene arrays, 12 showed significant induction of expression by the virus (> 2-fold), some of them by more than 5-fold. However, not all of these resulted in similar changes in the corresponding proteins, presumably as a consequence of post-transcriptional changes. A total of 16 cytokines, mostly chemokines, showed substantial protein increases, including several, such as the well known pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 (CXCL8), which were induced in the absence of additional transcription. These results support the concept that virus-induced multiple inflammatory cytokines are responsible for the cold symptoms. In most cases, one or both Echinacea preparations reversed the viral stimulation, thus providing a basis for the anti-inflammatory properties attributed to Echinacea.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".