Observations on an introduced bud scale<i>, Physokermes hemicryphus </i>(Homoptera: Coccidae), infesting Norway spruce in Idaho
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An introduced bud scale on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Pinaceae)) in Idaho, formerly thought to be Physokermes piceae Schrank (Homoptera: Coccidae), is identified as Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman). Secondary lateral branches of infested Norway spruce become pendent as a result of growing abnormally in length relative to diameter. The scale reproduces by parthenogenesis in North America; no male is known there. Mature females in situ resemble a branch bud. An average of 2.2 females occurred per infested node. They grew larger in late May, at which time they protruded visibly from beneath branch bud scales of the previous year and became immersed in their secreted honeydew. At maturity, females contained a prolific number of eggs (290858). The eggs hatched into nymphs within the rigid exoskeleton of the dead female in late June. Nymphs emerged during July and migrated distally along a branch. They overwintered as second (final) instars attached to needles or beneath bud scales at the branch node from which the current-year terminal emanated. Four species of hymenopterous parasites were reared from adult scales. Of these, Americencyrtus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was most abundant. It parasitized a majority of first instar nymphs but allowed them to develop to maturity the following spring before destroying their embryonic eggs and emerging in synchrony with appearance of nymphs of unparasitized females.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".