Probiotics for the Prevention of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>–Associated Diarrhea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Letters7 May 2013Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile–Associated DiarrheaBradley C. Johnston, PhD, Joshua Z. Goldenberg, BSc, and Gordon H. Guyatt, MDBradley C. Johnston, PhDFrom The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Bastyr University, Kenmore, Washington; and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.Search for more papers by this author, Joshua Z. Goldenberg, BScFrom The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Bastyr University, Kenmore, Washington; and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.Search for more papers by this author, and Gordon H. Guyatt, MDFrom The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Bastyr University, Kenmore, Washington; and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Keller notes that Gao and colleagues' study was industry-funded and conducted in China and, as a result, is potentially at risk for bias (1). Post hoc we removed this study, and the pooled estimate remained highly significant (relative risk, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.26 to 0.59]). We included 20 randomized trials; after further removing the 11 industry-funded trials from our pooled analysis, the results remain robust, showing a large risk reduction in favor of probiotics (relative risk, 0.29 [CI, 0.15 to 0.53]).As for Dr. Oscherwitz's concerns, our findings that probiotics did not increase the risk for adverse ...References1. Gao XW, Mubasher M, Fang CY, Reifer C, Miller LE, et al. Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1636-41. [PMID: 20145608] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Hempel S, Newberry S, Ruelaz A, Wang Z, Miles JN, Suttorp MJ, et al. Safety of probiotics used to reduce risk and prevent or treat disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2011;:1-645. [PMID: 23126627] MedlineGoogle Scholar3. Rosander A, Connolly E, Roos S, et al. Removal of antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmids from Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and characterization of the resulting daughter strain, L. reuteri DSM 17938. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:6032-40. [PMID: 18689509] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Blehaut H, Massot J, Elmer GW, Levy RH, et al. Disposition kinetics of Saccharomyces boulardii in man and rat. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1989;10:353-64. [PMID: 2758101] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Marini A, Negretti F, Boehm G, Li Destri M, Clerici-Bagozzi D, Mosca F, et al. Pro- and pre-biotics administration in preterm infants: colonization and influence on faecal flora. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2003;91:80-1. [PMID: 14599047] MedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Bastyr University, Kenmore, Washington; and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.Disclosures: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M12-1183. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoProbiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea Bradley C. Johnston , Stephanie S.Y. Ma , Joshua Z. Goldenberg , Kristian Thorlund , Per O. Vandvik , Mark Loeb , and Gordon H. Guyatt Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea David Louis Keller Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea Steven Oscherwitz Metrics Cited ByRecent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Clostridium Difficile InfectionModulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodatePatients Requiring Perioperative Nutritional Support 7 May 2013Volume 158, Issue 9Page: 706-707KeywordsAdverse eventsAntibiotic resistanceDiarrheaProbioticsSafetySafety studiesSepsisSystematic reviews ePublished: 7 May 2013 Issue Published: 7 May 2013 CopyrightCopyright © 2013 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.076 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".