Mechanical and Structural Properties of Milk Protein Edible Films Cross-Linked by Heating and γ-Irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cross-linked edible films based on calcium caseinate and two type of whey proteins (commercial and isolate) were investigated. Cross-linking of the proteins was carried out using thermal and radiative treatments. Size-exclusion chromatography performed on the cross-linked proteins showed that gamma-irradiation increased the molecular weight of calcium caseinate, while it changed little for the whey proteins. However, heating of the whey protein solution induced cross-linking. For both cross-linked proteins, the molecular weight distribution was >/=2 x 10(3) kDa. Combined thermal and radiative treatments were applied to protein formulations with various ratios of calcium caseinate and whey proteins. Whey protein isolate could replace up to 50% of calcium caseinate without decreasing the puncture strength of the films. Films based on commercial whey protein and calcium caseinate were weaker than those containing whey protein isolate. Electron microscopy showed that the mechanical characteristics of these films are closely related to their microstructures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".