Gas-Water Counter-Current Capillary Imbibition at Different Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Gas water counter-current matrix–fracture interaction due to capillary forces was studied. The focus was on the rate of capillary imbibition and the development of residual gas phase under low (20 °C) and high temperatures (90 °C). Berea sandstone and Indiana limestone samples with different shape factors were obtained by cutting the plugs 1, 2.5, and 5 cm in diameter and 2.5, 5, and 10 cm in length. All sides were coated with epoxy except one end. Static imbibition experiments were conducted on vertically and horizontally situated samples where the matrix-fracture interaction took place upward and lateral directions, respectively. The effects of the matrix shape factor, wettability, surface tension, and core position on the recovery rate and ultimate recovery were investigated. The experimental scheme followed was useful in identification of the development of residual gas saturation for fully counter-current matrix-fracture interaction. We investigated and clarified to what degrees the rock/fluid properties (wettability and matrix shape factor) and existing conditions (temperature, causing lowered IFT and brine viscosity, and gravity) become effective on the residual gas saturation. It was observed that the residual gas saturation is sensitive to the matrix shape factor. The effect of surface tension on the recovery rate and ultimate recovery was also critical. The vertical cases yielded different recovery rates and ultimate recoveries with increasing temperature. Lower residual gas saturation with increasing temperature was obtained only for large diameters. That was attributed to the reduction in surface tension. Finally, critical matrix and fluid properties were correlated to the residual gas saturation and different dimensionless groups were tested for scaling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".