Review of the microstrip/negative-refractive-index transmission-line coupled-line coupler
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The microstrip/negative-refractive-index transmission-line (MS/NRI-TL) coupler is constructed by edge coupling a regular microstrip line to a backward wave negative-refractive-index transmission line. This coupler is primarily operated in the complex-mode band in which the eigenmodes are characterised by simultaneous phase progression and attenuation (in a lossless structure) and is accompanied by contra-directional power flow on the two lines. The complex modes that are excited by the sources in this coupler can be controlled independently and by examining the multiple reflections of these modes between the two terminal planes, the scattering parameters of the corresponding four-port device can be derived. Under a first-order approximation, it is determined that the MS/NRI-TL coupler is capable of achieving arbitrary coupling levels (by increasing the length of the coupler) and very high directivity (by making the coupler length equal to an odd multiple of half a guided wavelength). Useful nomographs that enable the realisation of MS/NRI-TL couplers to meet arbitrary design specifications are included and several applications of the coupler are also presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".