Volumetric studies of ion solvation in propylene carbonate + <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylformamide electrolyte solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apparent molar volumes V 2,ϕ and standard partial molar volumes V ° 2,ϕ for tetraethylammonium bromide (Et 4 NBr), tetrapropylammonium bromide (Pr 4 NBr), tetrabutylammonium bromide (Bu 4 NBr), and tetrahexylammonium bromide (Hex 4 NBr) have been determined at 298.15 K from precise density measurements in solvent mixtures of propylene carbonate (PC) with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Combined with our previous data for LiClO 4 and LiBr in the same solvents, ionic molar volumes of Li + , Et 4 N + , Pr 4 N + , Bu 4 N + , Hex 4 N + , and related anions have been deduced from the extrapolation method suggested by Conway and co-workers. It is shown that the molar volumes of these cations are quite independent of the nature of the solvent and the composition of the solvent mixtures, in contrast to those of ClO 4 and Br anions. This suggests that the Lewis-base-type solvents with similar molecular volumes have similar interactions with Li + . The constancy in partial molar volume for tetraalkylammonium ions provides helpful evidence for the lack of solvation of large tetraalkylammonium cations in organic solvents. These findings have been interpreted using scaled-particle theory. The results are discussed in terms of ion solvation, packing effects of solvent molecules in the solvation shell, and the electrostriction of solvents.Key words: ionic volumes, propylene carbonate, N,N-dimethylformamide, solvent mixtures, solvation, lithium batteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".