Multiple lineages of the mitochondrial DNA introgression from<i>Pungitius pungitius</i>(L.) to<i>Pungitius tymensis</i>(Nikolsky)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We applied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to trace the maternal lineages and compare the intrapopulation mtDNA variabilities of two ninespine stickleback species, Pungitius pungitius (L.) and Pungitius tymensis (Nikolsky), in which occasional natural hybridization was detected. mtDNA phylogenies constructed by neighbor-joining and Wagner parsimony methods resolved two divergent clades differing by an average nucleotide divergence of 5.94%. All P. pungitius mtDNA haplotypes fall within a single clade. In contrast, P. tymensis appeared paraphyletic; nine of the 13 mtDNA haplotypes found in P. tymensis were grouped within the P. pungitius clade, but the remaining four were of the other clade. The former nine mtDNA variants were very close to the sympatric P. pungitius mtDNA halotypes. These observations suggest that the nine P. tymensis haplotypes originated and introgressed from sympatric P. pungitius and that the introgressed mtDNA haplotypes have a polyphyletic origin in each region. The high incidences of the mtDNA introgression in northern and central Hokkaido may be due to a warmer climate than that of the other regions. The recipient P. tymensis populations had significantly higher mtDNA variation than those observed in the sympatric donor species populations, suggesting the sudden population growth during or after the mtDNA substitution processes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".