Stable Isotope Analysis as a Potential Index for Verifying the Geographical Origin of Apple Juice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios of plants reflect their growing environment. In this study, we examined the carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios of apple juice from Japan, China, Australia, and South Africa, in order to confirm them as a potential index for verifying the geographical origin of apple juice. Apple juice from Japan is characterized by lower carbon and oxygen isotope ratios {δ13C : −26.7 ± 1.0‰ (mean ± sd), δ18O : 20.3 ± 1.1‰} than those from other countries. Especially, the apple juice from China has a higher δ13C value (−24.6 ± 0.5‰), and those from Australia and South Africa have higher δ18O values (27.8 ± 1.6‰ and 29.4 ± 2.3‰, respectively). These results suggest that carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios can be used as a potential index for discrimination between domestic and imported apple juice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".