Morphogenesis of stem gall tissues induced by larvae of two cecidomyiid species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on<i>Suaeda monoica</i>(Chenopodiaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Izeniola obesula Dorchin and Stefaniola defoliata Dorchin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lasiopterini) are monophagous gall midges each inducing a unique kind of gall on stems of the salt marsh plant Suaeda monoica Gmelin (Chenopodiaceae). The morphogenesis of these two types of galls was studied in relation to the life history of the midges as observed both in the field and the laboratory. Izeniola obesula larvae penetrate the pith parenchyma through the growing shoot apex, causing intensive cell proliferation and inducing differentiation of novel vascular tissues and a sclerenchyma sheath around their chambers. Vascular differentiation in this gall originates from the larval chamber, a phenomenon attributed to local stimulation by the larva. It is suggested that the sclerenchyma layer in these galls is also induced by insect activity. Stefaniola defoliata larvae penetrate the stem laterally and reside inside the primary phloem, causing proliferation of phloem parenchyma, and are later encapsulated by secondary xylem tissue. Both galls are associated with a symbiotic fungus that grows along the inner walls of the larval chambers. The possible hormonal mechanisms controlling morphogenesis of the galls are discussed.Key words: gall morphogenesis, phytohormones, sclerenchyma, vascular differentiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".