The dielectric relaxation time of ice V, its partial anti-ferroelectric ordering and the role of Bjerrum defects
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dielectric relaxation spectra of ice V has been studied over the 133–270 K range, at frequencies in the 0.05 Hz–300 kHz range. Its dielectric relaxation time, τ, is 1.5 s at 133 K. The Arrhenius plot of its τ is found to bend sharply at ∼200 K, and the Arrhenius energy decreases from 49.9 kJ/mol at 260 K to 23.3 kJ/mol at 160 K. This confirms the inference from the orientational ordering studies that τ of ice V at 125 K is much less than 100 s [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 7169 (2000)]. The increase in the equilibrium permittivity on cooling ice V from 266 to 133 K is 77% of that anticipated from a decrease in its volume and thermal energy. The discrepancy is attributed to a gradual increase in orientational ordering of water molecules in its structure, leading to a partially antiferroelectric state at low temperatures. A comparison made with the earlier studies of uncontaminated (H2O and D2O) ice Ih and N2- and CO2-contaminated (H2O) ice Ih (impurities in the latter used to generate extrinsic Bjerrum defects), showed that the decrease in the Arrhenius energy on cooling ice V may be explained without invoking a change in mechanism from Bjerrum defects diffusion to ionic defects diffusion with zero activation energy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it