The dielectric relaxation time of ice V, its partial anti-ferroelectric ordering and the role of Bjerrum defects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dielectric relaxation spectra of ice V has been studied over the 133–270 K range, at frequencies in the 0.05 Hz–300 kHz range. Its dielectric relaxation time, τ, is 1.5 s at 133 K. The Arrhenius plot of its τ is found to bend sharply at ∼200 K, and the Arrhenius energy decreases from 49.9 kJ/mol at 260 K to 23.3 kJ/mol at 160 K. This confirms the inference from the orientational ordering studies that τ of ice V at 125 K is much less than 100 s [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 7169 (2000)]. The increase in the equilibrium permittivity on cooling ice V from 266 to 133 K is 77% of that anticipated from a decrease in its volume and thermal energy. The discrepancy is attributed to a gradual increase in orientational ordering of water molecules in its structure, leading to a partially antiferroelectric state at low temperatures. A comparison made with the earlier studies of uncontaminated (H2O and D2O) ice Ih and N2- and CO2-contaminated (H2O) ice Ih (impurities in the latter used to generate extrinsic Bjerrum defects), showed that the decrease in the Arrhenius energy on cooling ice V may be explained without invoking a change in mechanism from Bjerrum defects diffusion to ionic defects diffusion with zero activation energy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".