Surface geochemical measurements applied to monitoring, verification, and accounting of leakage from sequestration projects
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A detailed study of CO2 and CH4 surface fluxes, shallow soil gas composition, 10-m hole soil gas composition was made at Rangely, Colorado, Teapot Dome, Wyoming, USA, and the results of geochemical verification measurements at Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada. Summer and winter soil gas and gas flux measurements were made at Rangely, and winter only at Teapot Dome. The objectives were to determine if leakage of CO2 and/or CH4 could be detected in the overpressured Rangely and the underpressured Teapot Dome systems. At Weyburn, the objective was the determination of the presence or absence of an alleged leak. Seasonal surface CO2 fluxes at Rangely were similar at on-field locations and an off-field control area. Methane fluxes were much higher at on-field locations than in the control area, suggesting a reservoir source. Seasonal differences in CH4 fluxes suggested methanotrophic oxidation was occurring in the soils. Shallow soil gas concentration measurements of CO2 were similar at a 100-cm depth, on-field and in the control area. Methane soil gas concentrations were higher on-field than in the control area; summer and winter. These data were used to select locations with and without evidence for seepage allowing nested sampling up to a 10-m depth. More complex chemical and isotopic measurements were made in 10-m holes at Rangely and Teapot Dome. Methanotrophy was operational at the active Rangely and the passive Teapot Dome systems. A small methane leakage rate of 400–700 tonnes year−1 and CO2 of <170 tonnes year−1 were determined at Rangely, and rates near zero at Teapot Dome. Inert gases, carbon-containing gases, as well as isotopic ratios supported the presence of pathways at geochemically anomalous locations at Teapot Dome. Measurements of soil gas and inert gas isotopes in shallow groundwater by other authors at Weyburn, Saskatchewan, found no evidence of leakage.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it