In Situ Measure of Interfacial Tensions in Ternary and Quaternary Immiscible Polymer Blends Demonstrating Partial Wetting
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article reports on the use of the Neumann triangle method combined with a focused ion beam sample preparation technique and atomic force microscopy (NT-FIB-AFM) to measure interfacial tension ratios in partially wetted ternary and quaternary immiscible polymer blends prepared by melt processing. It is shown that PS/PP/HDPE, PS/PCL/PP, PLLA/PCL/PS, PMMA/PS/PP, and a quaternary blend system comprised of HDPE/PP/PS/PMMA all display a partial wetting morphology with a three-phase line of contact and that the interfacial tension ratios obtained by the NT-FIB-AFM approach compare well with results obtained by the classical breaking thread method. The HDPE/PP/PS/PMMA quaternary blend, in particular, is quite unique and displays a partial wetting morphology with spectacular PS/PMMA composite droplets located at the HDPE/PP interface. Furthermore, all of the above data generated for the ternary and quaternary systems also satisfy the Laplace equation. When 1% of an SEB diblock copolymer is added to the PS/PP/HDPE system, the Neumann triangle method reveals that the PS/HDPE interfacial tension decreases from 4.2 ± 0.6 to 3.3 ± 0.4 mN/m, with an estimated apparent areal density of 0.19 ± 0.07 molecule/nm 2 of copolymer at the PS/HDPE interface. The results presented in this paper show that it is possible to generate complex morphologies demonstrating partial wetting for a wide range of polymer blend systems with a relatively simple experimental approach. Furthermore, it allows the measurement of the interfacial tension ratios of a matrix-dispersed phase blend system examined in situ after melt processing. The apparent areal density of a copolymer interfacial modifier can also be estimated. This is an important result, since it is still a challenge to measure the variation of the interfacial tension as a function of the copolymer areal density in multiphase polymer blends.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it