NANO- AND MICROMETER-SCALE ALUMINUM POWDER OXIDATION IN CARBON DIOXIDE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermal oxidation of fine aluminum (Al) powders in carbon dioxide (CO2) gas was investigated for the purpose of metal-based propulsion fuel development. The thermal behavior and reaction energy was studied using simultaneous thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The reactivities of Al powders with nanometer and micrometer-scale average particle sizes were compared. The particle morphology was examined at different stages of the process using field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The corresponding chemical changes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) and energy dispersion X-ray spectrometry (EDS). It is found that nano- and micrometer-scale Al powders exhibited different calorimetric behavior; primarily oxidation occurred at a much lower temperature for nanopowders compared to micropowders. The mechanism of the oxide transformation and growth, particle deformations, and hollow oxide shells are discussed, along with the involvement of carbon in the reaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".