Finite element modelling of contact in rubble stone masonry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multi-wythe masonry walls are a common structural component of heritage buildings. Typically constructed with two dressed outer wythes and a rubble core, these structures are susceptible to environmental degradation, as infiltration of water coupled with freeze-thaw action can break down the existing mortar which can then be flushed out of the wall. The resulting un-bonded core material applies pressure on the outer wythes, leading to lateral displacements and possible failure of the walls. Study of these deformations, and the effects of potential intervention methods through finite element modelling, can ensure adequate measures are selected and implemented. With the core being composed of rounded or fragmented stones and containing little of the original mortar, failure is dominated by rotation and sliding of the stones, rather than failure of the stone units. A dynamic simplified micromodel captures the geometry of the individual stones within a cross-section of a wall from the Prince of Wales fort in northern Canada, allowing translation of the units under self-weight. Linear elastic material properties and frictional contact conditions reduce the complexity of the model while adequately representing the observed conditions. As mesh density is known to impact the results of contact problems greatly, a small sample of stones from the wall has been studied using 8 models containing between 778 and 11701 linear elements. High mesh densities are required to approximate the curved geometry, and reduce faceting due to the flat element edges. These models are run under two separate time steps, in the first the load is applied and in the second the parts are allowed time to reach equilibrium. The resulting displacements of the small models have been examined and compared, optimizing the mesh density for the given sample, which can then be applied to the full cross section.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".