Effect of Membrane Pore Size on the Performance of a Membrane Reactor for Biodiesel Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biodiesel was produced from canola oil and methanol in a novel membrane reactor. The membrane in the reactor served to separate the unreacted emulsified oil from the product stream, producing high-purity fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The effects of the pore size of the membrane used in the semicontinuous reactor and the initial methanol/canola oil loading were studied. Four carbon membranes having different pore sizes of 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.4 μm were tested, with four different initial methanol volume fractions (φ 1 ) of 0.29, 0.38, 0.47, and 0.64. It was found that all four membranes retained canola oil in the reactor. Permeate was observed at the 0.38, 0.47, and 0.64 initial methanol volume fractions, whereas it was not observed at φ 1 = 0.29. The initial oil loadings represent methanol/oil mole ratios of 11:1, 16:1, 23:1, and 46:1. For all runs, no triglycerides were found in the permeate. The permeate dephased upon cooling to room temperature. Glycerol was not detected in the FAME-rich phase. This opens the possibility of reaching methanol/oil mole ratios of 6:1 with a single recycling step.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".