Scale‐up study of spouted beds using computational fluid dynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work presents a numerical study of the hydrodynamic of spouted beds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Scaling relationships proposed by He et al. [He et al., Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997;52:329–339] for spouted bed systems based on similitude method are numerically investigated using CFD simulation. In the present work it is verified that the spouted bed scale‐up relationships of He et al. [He et al., Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997;52:329–339] produce good numerical results when all of the scale‐up relationships are satisfied. It is also verified the behaviour of the numerical results when the scaling procedure is applied in a practical condition. In this case, the properties of fluid and solid are kept constant, which is a real situation of a scale‐up procedure in a spouted bed used for drying of grains. In this work it is possible to verify that CFD simulation is a useful tool to evaluate similitude methods in spouted bed (multiphase flow) systems. The commercial package FLUENT 6.3.26 was used in all simulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".