Corrosion of Titanium and Its Alloys in Sulfuric Acid in the Presence of Chlorides
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Titanium alloys (ASTM Grades 1, 2, 7, 12, and 18) are employed as the liner and internal components of autoclaves during the high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) of nickel laterite ores. This paper summarizes the corrosion behavior of these alloys in sulfuric acid and the effect of the addition of chlorides (NaCl). New thermodynamic Eh–pH diagrams for the Ti–H2O, Ti-SO4–H2O, and Ti–Cl–H2O systems are presented. Micrographs are also presented and the corrosion morphology is discussed. Long-term immersion tests were carried out to determine corrosion rates. Electrochemical techniques were used to provide insight into the corrosion chemistry. The shortcomings of accelerated corrosion testing of Ti alloys are addressed. Pd enrichment on the surface of Ti-18 was confirmed by a combination of open-circuit potential measurements and chronoamperometric measurements.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it