From Liberal Multiculturalism to Civic Republicanism: An Historical Perspective on Multiculturalism Policy in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most research on multiculturalism policy in Canada has focused on the federal government’s multiculturalism policy or Quebec’s interculturalism policy. However, the multicultural policies that have been active in English Canadian provinces over the last forty years have largely escaped scholarly attention. This article begins to fill this gap in knowledge on Canadian multiculturalism by examining the multiculturalism policies of the Saskatchewan and Manitoba provincial governments from the beginning of the 1970s to present. It argues that the ethos of multiculturalism policy in these two provinces has incrementally evolved from Anglo-conformity to liberal multiculturalism to civic republicanism. While the evolution toward civic republicanism is quite advanced in Manitoba, the Saskatchewan government has displayed less coherence in its multiculturalism policies. Generally speaking, the article finds that these uneven shifts in Saskatchewan and Manitoba multiculturalism have taken place in response to demographic change and the electoral calculations of the governing party. The lesson is that political considerations, as much as broader structural changes in society, are an important part of understanding multiculturalism policy in Canada. La plus grande partie de la recherche sur les politiques de multiculturalisme au Canada ont mis l’emphase soit sur celle du gouvernement fédéral, ou sur celle d’interculturalisme du Québec. Cependant, les politiques multiculturelles menées dans les provinces du Canada anglais depuis les quarante dernières années ont largement échappé à l’attention des chercheurs. Cet article commence à combler les lacunes dans les connaissances sur le multiculturalisme canadien portant sur les politiques des gouvernements provinciaux de la Saskatchewan et du Manitoba dans ce domaine depuis le début des années soixante-dix jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Nous y soutenons que l’ethos de ces politiques dans ces deux provinces a progressivement évolué de la conformité anglophone au multiculturalisme libéral et au républicanisme civique. Alors que l’évolution vers ce dernier est plutôt avancée au Manitoba, le gouvernement de la Saskatchewan a affiché moins de cohérence dans son évolution. De façon générale, nous constatons ici que les mutations dissemblables du multiculturalisme saskatchewanais et manitobain ont eu lieu en réponse aux changements démographiques et aux calculs électoraux du parti en place au gouvernement. La leçon à en tirer est que les considérations politiques jouent tout autant que des modifications structurelles plus générales au sein de la société un rôle important pour comprendre le multiculturalisme au Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".