Proton MRS of large multiple sclerosis lesions reveals subtle changes in metabolite T<sub>1</sub> and area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The T(1) values of metabolites were measured in eight subjects with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) having at least one large brain lesion (2.6 ± 0.7 mL) and in eight age- and sex-matched healthy controls. MRS examinations were conducted at 1.5 T using point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) (TE = 30 ms, TR = 530, 750, 1200, 1500, 3500, 5000 ms). Spectra were acquired from a voxel placed in the largest lesion in the subject with MS, and in a corresponding voxel (same size and region) in normal white matter (NWM) in the matched control, and were fitted using LCModel. As there are regional variations in metabolite and water T(1) and metabolite signal areas, careful placement of the control voxel was necessary to measure subtle differences between the lesions and NWM. The T(1) and T(1)-corrected signal areas of creatine were the same in MS lesions as in controls. The T(1) values of choline were significantly shorter in MS lesions located in occipital and parietal, but not in frontal, white matter. N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) and myoinositol T(1) values in MS lesions were similar to those in NWM; however, the area of myoinositol correlated directly with lesion water T(1), and the area of NAA correlated inversely with lesion water T(1). MR spectra acquired at short TR require T(1) correction of choline for accurate quantification. Careful voxel placement in controls to match lesion location in subjects with MS enables a clearer view of the subtle changes in lesions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".