Fracture Extent and Zonal Communication Evaluation Using Chemical Gas Tracers
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Chemical gas tracers have been used in gas flood projects to evaluate interwell communications, formation heterogeneity, channeling, and to calculate volumetric sweep efficiency. For the first time, these tracers are used to evaluate the extent of fracture communication with offset wells and also to evaluate zonal communication between four hydraulically fractured reservoirs. The four horizontal wells are drilled and completed in Berea, Chagrin, Lower Huron Siltstone, and Lower Huron reservoirs. Each well was individually fractured with nitrogen gas in nine stages. A different chemical gas tracer was injected in each of the horizontal wells during the fracture stages with the carrier gas. Upon the completion of each fracture treatment, the well was shut-in to frac the next well. Upon the completion of the last fracture treatment, the well was shut-in for the reservoir pressure to stabilize before all four wells were put back on production. Flowback gas samples were collected at the wellhead for tracer detection analysis and hence flowback analysis. In addition, produced gas samples were collected at the offset wells for gas tracer detection to evaluate the extent of the fractures, interwell communication and formation heterogeneity. The results of flowback, zonal communication and extent of fracturing are presented in detail.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it