Incongruent Diffusion (Negative Main Mutual Diffusion Coefficient) for a Ternary Mixed Surfactant System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Moments analysis of Taylor dispersion profiles is used to measure ternary mutual diffusion coefficients ( D ik ) for dilute aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) + dodecylsulfobetaine (DSB) mixed surfactant solutions at 25 °C and total surfactant concentrations from 10 to 30 mmol dm -3 . The fluxes of the SDS(1) and DSB(2) components are strongly coupled by the formation of SDS−DSB mixed micelles. At several compositions, cross-coefficient D 12 or D 21 is larger than main coefficients D 11 and D 22 . More remarkably, D 22 is negative at solute fractions of SDS from 0.55 to 0.75, reaching a minimum value of −0.056 × 10 -9 m 2 s -1 at 13 mmol dm -3 SDS + 7 mmol dm -3 DSB. This surprising result means that DSB concentration gradients drive “incongruent” fluxes of DSB, from lower to higher DSB concentrations. A possible explanation for the incongruent diffusion of DSB is suggested on the basis of the electric field generated by gradients in the surfactant concentration. Negative D ii values have been reported previously for concentrated, strongly nonideal aqueous acetic acid + chloroform solutions near a consolute point. Because the SDS + DSB solutions are dilute and far removed from phase boundaries, incongruent diffusion might be considerably more common than previously assumed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".