Neurophysiological Anomalies in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Concussed Athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Concussion in sports is a problem of such magnitude that improvements in diagnosis and management are desirable. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of concussion on event-related potentials, in symptomatic as well as in asymptomatic athletes. METHODS: Twenty symptomatic and asymptomatic athletes who sustained a concussion were compared with 10 control athletes in a modified auditory Oddball task. The task included a sequence of tones containing standard and deviant stimuli. Participants were asked to respond to the target tone presented in the left ear and to ignore tones presented in the right ear. The electroencephalogram was recorded from 28 electrodes during the task. RESULTS: The results showed a reduction in the amplitude of N1, P2, and P3 components in symptomatic and asymptomatic athletes in comparison with control athletes. No between-group differences were observed in reaction times or in latency of the event-related potentials components, except for P3 latency, in which the controls showed shorter latency than the concussed groups. CONCLUSION: Concussions seem to produce deficits in the early and late stages of auditory information processing, which possibly reflect impaired brain functioning in symptomatic and asymptomatic concussed athletes. The fact that asymptomatic athletes have an electrophysiological profile similar to that of symptomatic athletes challenges the validity of return-to-play guidelines for which the absence of symptoms is a major issue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".