Development of a Manganese Speciation Method for Atmospheric Aerosols in Biologically and Environmentally Relevant Fluids
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Because the health effects of manganese are dependent its oxidation-state, we have improved upon oxidation-state resolved methods to quantify soluble manganese in atmospheric aerosols. Two spectrophotometric methods were adapted for measurements in atmospheric aerosols in order to measure total soluble manganese (Mn sol ) and soluble oxidized manganese [Mn(III) and Mn(IV), Mn ox ]. Using the formaldoxime method, we noted a detection limit two orders of magnitude better than past studies using trace-metal clean techniques and a 1 meter path-length spectrophotometric cell. Extractions of co-located aerosol samples were performed in four environmentally or biologically relevant extract solutions and processed for soluble manganese analysis. The quantity of manganese extracted was a strong function of the fluid, and the greatest amount of manganese was extracted in the rain-water surrogate (acetate buffered solution). Mn sol in East St. Louis, IL, USA (6–20% of the total manganese) was less than the Mn sol in aerosols collected in Toronto, ON, Canada (40% of the total). Mn ox was not detected in the PM10 samples collected in East St. Louis, however Mn ox accounted for around 30% of the PM2.5 soluble manganese in Toronto. Mn ox was not detected in the coarse fraction in Toronto, which may imply that soils are not a source of Mn ox at this site. Oxidized manganese was not recoverable from extracts of samples from East St. Louis spiked with 1 μg Mn ox L−1. This implies that a soluble component of the aerosol is responsible for reduction of oxidized manganese and that the chemical form of manganese in aerosols can quickly change when it comes into contact with a fluid.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it