Formation of a Porous Platinum Nanoparticle Froth for Electrochemical Applications, Produced without Templates, Surfactants, or Stabilizers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pt nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized via the reduction of H 2 PtCl 6 by formic acid at 80 °C, formed a nanoporous froth at the upper surface of the aqueous solution in which they were produced. The NPs, brought to the surface by the escape of CO 2 bubbles produced by the reduction, partly coalesced to form a froth film with a porosity >95%. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies were used to characterize the froth morphology and the NP dimensions, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the NP surface chemistry. The froth was found to be composed of 3−5 nm zerovalent Pt NPs. The porous froth films, which could be removed and handled, demonstrated an electroactive surface area of 168 ± 8 m 2 /g Pt, more than 4 times that of a commercial colloidal Pt black, and equivalent to that of the best Pt particle/carbon black electrocatalysts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".