Depletion of metronidazole in brook trout ( <i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metronidazole (MNZ), which is effective in the treatment of intestinal infections in fish, is also a suspected carcinogen and has been banned in numerous jurisdictions for use in any food-producing animal, including fish. Few reports have been published on the depletion of MNZ in fish. A depletion study was therefore undertaken using MNZ in feed provided to trout under controlled conditions. The water was maintained at 17.5 ± 0.9°C throughout the medication and depletion periods in the study. Following a 20-day acclimatisation period in the holding tanks, the trout (approximately 150-200 g bodyweight at the start of the study) were subjected to two separate medication and withdrawal periods: (A) 5 day medication/5 day withdrawal and (B) 5 day medication/16 day withdrawal. This simulated a potential multiple dosing in an aquaculture setting. In both medication periods, the trout were dosed with medicated feed containing 3 g MNZ kg(-1) fish. Fish were sacrificed in accordance with accepted animal care protocols and tissue samples were analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. Analyte concentrations in trout muscle ranged from a high of 27,000 ± 10,000 ng g(-1) for MNZ and 830 ± 570 ng g(-1) for MNZ-OH on day 1 of withdrawal period A to a low of 1.8 ± 2.3 ng g(-1) for MNZ and < 0.4 ng g(-1) for MNZ-OH on day 16 of withdrawal period B. The results demonstrate that when using the UPLC-MS/MS method, residues of MNZ may be detected in fish treated with MNZ after 16 days of withdrawal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".