DOES MATURITY STATUS AFFECT RUNNING ECONOMY IN ADOLESCENT BOYS?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a group, elite adolescent runners are reported to be slightly delayed in maturity status. It is known that performance is related to running economy (RE). Lower values of VO2 at a given submaximal workload are indicative of superior RE. Although RE is known to improve with increasing chronological age (CA), it is speculated that RE may also be related to maturity status. PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between maturity status and the development of RE in adolescent boys. METHODS One hundred thirty-eight males, aged 8 years at study entry, were measured annually for a maximum of 9 consecutive years. Measurements included height and body mass. Biological maturity was based on age at peak height velocity (PHV). Maturity status (defined as early, average and late) was determined from chronological age (CA) at PHV as compared to the sample mean age at PHV. Oxygen consumption was assessed during a progressive treadmill run to volitional exhaustion. Steady-state VO2 was assessed during the fifth and sixth minutes of exercise (treadmill speed of 9.6 Km-h−1). Submaximal VO2 was normalized to a common body mass exponent, identified by allometric scaling of submaximal VO2 on body mass. Comparisons between maturity groups, aligned on CA, were made using ANOVA. RESULTS An allometric coefficient of 0.703 was derived for body mass. No differences were found in submaximal VO2 (ml·kg−0.703·min−1) between maturity groups (p > 0.05) at 8, 9 and 16 years of age. However at ages 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 year's submaximal VO2 (ml·kg−0.703·min−1) was significantly different between maturity groups (p < 0.05). For example at 12 years of age average value for early maturers was 129.28 + 2.27 (mean + SEM) compared to 119.63 + 1.49 ml·kg−0.703·min−1 in late maturers. CONCLUSION After controlling for individual size differences, late-maturing boys demonstrate superior RE than early-maturing boys from 10 through to 15 years of age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".