Thioredoxin reductase and glutathione synthesis is upregulated byt-butylhydroquinone in cortical astrocytes but not in cortical neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electron donors glutathione and thioredoxin play many vital roles in the mechanisms of cells to cope with oxidative stress. Critical to such antioxidant functions are the ability to synthesize glutathione and keep it reduced via glutathione reductase and the ability to reduce oxidized-thioredoxin via thioredoxin reductase. The rate-limiting enzyme for glutathione synthesis, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, is regulated by the antioxidant response element, whereas little is known about the regulation of expression of the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase. There were several objectives in this study. One was to determine whether the phase II enzyme inducer t-butylhydroquinone would increase thioredoxin reductase in neural cells; we found that both cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase activity and protein content is increased in cortical astrocytes, but not in cortical neurons. A second objective was to determine whether there are differences in the ability of t-butylhydroquinone to increase glutathione content in astrocytes and neurons; we found that glutathione is increased in astrocytes but not neurons. Finally, t-butylhydroquinone addition did not affect glutathione reductase activity in neurons and caused only a modest increase in astrocytes. Our findings emphasize the central role that astrocytes play in the antioxidant activities of the CNS. Our findings also suggest that thioredoxin reductase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase belong to the same synexpression group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".